
Karen Hao
No “AI” tools were used in creation of content for this website. Everything is authored by me, unless explicitly credited in captions or citations.
I’m glad you asked! You might have noticed that I refer to “AI” in quotation marks. This is intentional. Language has power—it shapes stories and beliefs. In times of rampant erasure of truth, it’s vital to speak with intention. So let me set this straight:
“AI” (artificial intelligence) doesn’t exist. It’s a term that clouds known technologies (machine learning doesn’t sell well) in shrouds of mystery, promising intelligence and sentience where there isn’t one:
“'AI' is a marketing term. It doesn't refer to a coherent set of technologies. Instead, the phrase 'artificial intelligence' is deployed when the people building or selling a particular set of technologies will profit from getting others to believe that their technology is similar to humans, able to do things that, in fact, intrinsically require human judgment, perception or creativity.
The set of technologies that get sold as AI is diverse in both application and construction. The term serves to obscure that diversity, however, so the conversation becomes clearer if one speaks in terms of 'automation' rather than 'AI' and looks at precisely what is being automated.”
Emily M. Bender & Alex Hanna in The AI Con (Chapter 1)
Language has a role to play in disenfranchising the system of power behind “AI”. That’s why, when referring to these technologies in my writing, I’ll be following Emily M. Bender and Nanna Inie’s advice on talking about “AI” without adding to the anthropomorphisation (except this page).
I’ll also be as transparent as possible what specific tool I’m referring to (e.g.: image generation, classification algorithms, or automatic transcription).
“Artificial intelligence is both embodied and material, made from natural resources, fuel, human labor, infrastructures, logistics, histories, and classifications. AI systems are not autonomous, rational, or able to discern anything without extensive, computationally intensive training with large data sets or predefined rules and rewards.
Artificial intelligence is a registry of power.”
Kate Crawford in Atlas of AI (Introduction)
When it becomes increasingly unsafe to have any other than unfettered enthusiasm stance in the workplace, here I’m in position to make my own judgments. Avoiding the use of “AI” is a conscious choice I’ve made through the lens of purpose and ethics.
There are dozens of researchers, scholars and activists who informed my thinking. Here are a few books I’d recommend:

Karen Hao

Emily M. Bender & Alex Henna

Kate Crawford

Safiya Umoja Noble

Cathy O'Neil

Virgina Eubanks